Jurisprudence

by: Sayyid Muhammad Rizvi

Death is a reality in which all human beings believe. However, it is also a reality which most of us like to keep out of our minds.

In Islam, death is not an end to our existence; it is a passage, which takes us from this world to the hereafter--the actual purpose for our creation and the result of our work in this life. Whether we fear death or not depends on how much prepared we are for the reckoning of the Day of Judgement.

Preparing for death is a lifetime's job. It begins on the day you reach the age of bulugh and are held accountable for your deeds in eyes of Almighty Allah. Imam 'Ali bin Abu Talib (a.s.) has beautifully described the preparation for death as follows: "Fulfilling the obligations, refraining from forbidden [things], and acquiring noble character."

In this article, I have attempted to present some of the things which all believers are either required or strongly urged to do just before death by the shariah.

IN PREPARATION FOR DEATH

Before death, try your best to fulfil the obligations, which are upon you in regard to the creatures as well as the Creator. Return to the owners whatever has been given to you as a trust OR write it down in your will so that the executor of your will shall return the trust to its rightful owner. In Islam, you are allowed to dispose up to one-third of your estate for whomsoever or whatever cause you like. As for the two thirds, it must be distributed among your heirs according to the shares allocated for them in the shari'ah. Make a will in writing or verbally about those religious obligations which you could not fulfil by yourself and which cannot be done on your behalf by others except after your death: the qaza prayers, fasting and pilgrimage, etc. You should specify the amount from the one-third of your estate to be used to hire people to do such deeds. If you cannot afford this, then you may request your heirs to do unfulfilled rituals on your behalf voluntarily or pay someone else to do so. It is also recommended, if your financial circumstances allow you, to include your deserving relations in the one-third of your estate. It is recommended to forgive your brethren in iman for whatever wrong they may have done to you. On the other hand, you should ask your brethren in iman to forgive you for the intentional and unintentional wrong you may have done to them.

AT THE TIME OF DEATH

When death approaches you, it is wajib on you to lie down on your back in such a way that the soles of your feet face the qiblah (direction of Mecca). Or you may turn your bed in such a way that your soles will face the qiblah. If you cannot do so yourself, then it is wajib on those who are with you to help you. It is recommended to say by yourself or repeat after someone else the declaration of faith and statement of faraj. The declaration of faith: It is a declaration in which you reconfirm your belief in Allah, Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.), the twelve Imam (a.s.), the Qur'an, and the Day of Judgement.

This may be done as follows:

Razitu bil-lahi Rabban;

wa bi Muhammadin (sal-lal-lhu 'alayhi wa lihi) nabiyyan;

wa bil Islmi dinan;

wa bil Qur'ni kitban;

wa bil Ka'bati qiblatan;

wa bi' Aliyyan waliyyan wa imman;

wa bil Hasan, wal Husayn, wa 'Aliy-yib nil Husayn;

wa Muhammad ibn 'Aliyyan,

wa Jafar ibn Muhammadin;

wa Musa ibn Ja'farin, wa 'Ali yibn Musa;

wa Muhammad ibn Aliyyin; wa Ali yibn Muhammadin;

wal Hasan ibn ' Aliyyin; wal Hujjat ibnil Hasan

(salawtul-lahi 'alayhim) immatan wa sdatan wa qdatan;

bi him atawalla, wa min a'd'ihim ata-barra.

Wa an-nas s'ata tiyatun la rayba fiha;

wa annal-lha yab'athu man fil qubr;

wa annal hisba haqqun; wa annal jannata haqqun;

wa annan nr haqqun.

I have accepted Allah as the Lord, Muhammad (s.a.w.) as the prophet, Islam as the religion, the Qur'an as the Book [of God], the Ka'bah as the qiblah.

And [I accept] 'Ali as the waliy [of Allah] and [my] Imam; and Hasan, Husayn, 'Ali ibn Husayn, Muhammad ibn 'Ali, Ja'far ibn Muhammad, Musa ibn Ja'far, 'Ali ibn Musa, Muhammad ibn 'Ali, 'Ali ibn Muhammad, Hasan ibn 'Ali, and al-Hujat ibn al-Hasan (a.s.) as Imams, leaders and guides-I declare my love for them and declare my disassociation with their enemies.

And [I believe that] surely the Hour [of Doom] will come in which there is no doubt; and that Allah will resurrect all those who are in their graves. And [I believe that] the reckoning [of our deeds] is the truth; the Paradise is the truth and that the Hell is the truth.

The statement of faraj is to be recited as follows:

L ilha il-ll lhu Halimul Karim;

L ilha il-ll lhu 'Aliyyul 'Azim;

Subhna 'l-lha Rabbus samwtis sab'i

wa Rabbul ardhinas sab'i;

wa ma fee hinna wa ma bayna hunna

wa ma fawqa hunna wa ma tahta hunna;

wa Rabbul 'arshil 'azim;

wal hamdu lil-lhi Rabbis 'lameen.

There is no god but Allah, the Gentle, the Kind;

there is no god but Allah, the High, the Great.

All praise be to Allah, the Lord of the seven heavens

and the lord of the seven earth's,

and whatever is in them and whatever is between them,

and whatever is above them and whatever is below them;

and [He is] the Lord of the Great Throne.

And all praise be to Allah, the lord of the Universe. It is recommended to move the dying person to his/her usual place of prayer in the home. This is recommended only if it does not cause pain or inconvenience to the dying person. It is recommended to recite the twa surahs, Yasin (no. 36) and as-Sft (no. 37), near the dying person. According to the traditions, this will relieve the pangs of death.

AFTER THE DEATH

Soon after a person dies, it is recommended to do the followings: Close the eye-lids of the dead person. Close the mouth of the dead person. Tie the two jaws so that the mouth does not open. Straighten his/her arms and place them on the two sides of his body. Straighten his/her legs. Cover the dead body. Switch on the light in the room where the dead body is kept. Arrange the funeral as soon as possible. Inform the mu'mineen to attend the funeral.

Adapted from the book: "Fiqh"