Partnership in Moral Life
In many narrations it is reported that by marriage man acquires half of religion, with gaining immunity, and has to try his best to safeguard and maintain the other half.· "Whoever gets married has in fact acquired half of his religion." 92
· "Every one of you should have a remembering tongue, a grateful
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92. ibid., vol. XIV, p. 10, Hadeeth I.
heart, and a believing righteous wife assisting him in winning the hereafter." 93
Further many traditions are there concerning the selection of wife, recommending to take into consideration qualities like good morals, faith, and commitment, and warning against getting married to disbelievers and winebibers and alike: All this indicates the fact that the habits and traits of the husband and wife have effect on each other and do play a role in moral development or degeneration of each other.
The holy Quran considers getting married to a believing bondswoman to be preferable to marry a polytheist free woman.
· "... A believing bondswoman is definitely better than an idolater "free" woman..." "2:221"
Partnership in Material life
The wife and husband should help and sustain each other in arranging and ordering worldly life, the fact on which strong emphasis is there in many religious sources, as in the following hadeeth:AlImaam AsSaadiq"A" said:
"Three things bring comfort to the believer: a spacious house disguising his defects and shameful deed out of people, and a virtuous wife that helps and supports him in "managing" the affairs of world and hereafter." 94
Upbringing of Offspring
It is worthmentioning that one of important purposes of marriage, which has a high degree coming after procreation of the same kind and permanence of species in order, being____________
93. Al-Kaafi, vol. V, p. 329.
94. Al-Mahajjah Al-Bayzaa, vol. III, quoted from Sunan Ibn Majah, Hadeeth 1856.
upbringing of offspring "children". The wife and husband are verily the best educators for children as vulnerability of children before the parents is much more than others. And the Prophet's hadeeth "Get married and multiply in number, so that the earth gets heavier with your offspring, who are monotheists" is an indication to this very role.
In interpretation of the verse "O ye who believe! Ward off from yourselves and your families a Fire..." "66:6" AlMuraghi, a Sunni exegete has said: Those who are meant by this verse being the wives and children. AlImaam Ali"A" said: Teach your families the good deeds and educate and discipline them. Yet in another hadeeth: Tell your families to keep in mind the prayers, fasting, zakaat "almsdue", the needy, orphans and neighbours." 95
We think that these six purposes are altogether the object intended by Islam, the fact certified by laws and regulations of marriage, divorce with family manners and morals. Observing chastity and modesty, looking after the children, abstinence from obscene acts and vices, observing rights of wife, 'iddah "a prescribed period which a woman has to pass after her divorce or husband's demise for her remarriage" and inheritance and others all indicate these purposes.
Based on this, the characteristics recommended in selecting the spouse are farther than one purpose, but rather observing all the purposes, like:
· A faithful, wise and modest wife;
· viviparous;
· Able to meet all of husband's sexual desires;
· chaste;
· noble and of honourable descent and lineage;
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95. Wasa'il As-Shi'ah ah, vol. XVI, p. 24, Baab 20, Ha, 41.
· having a pretty face.96
Further men are recommended not to seek to marry the women for their beauty alone, as this indicates that marriage is viewed only from the angle of satisfying the sexual instinct no more no less. Also it is recommended not to seek to marry a woman for her riches, since this reflects the fact that the man is intending to have a partner in material life. By this we never mean to disregard and ignore wealth and beauty, but just to draw attention to their being reproached and censured.
Alas! from old preIslamic era and more in the modern jaahiliyyah, all views toward marriage are onesided, as marriage with the purpose of having children or for getting help in material life or other purposes. The Islamic Shari'ah regards all this as an inauspicious and reprehensible phenomenon.
In brief, Islam views marriage as a means to achieve the previouslymentioned six purposes, with none of them being fit to replace the other. Also it takes all these goals for the woman and man, on the same level.
Status of Woman inside Family
After making clear the religious perspective of marriage and family, it is recommendable to observe what is the position the woman has within these subjects. Do the woman and man represent the origin and branch in the family? Or do they have equal and equivalent position? Or is the responsibility of woman greater than that of the man? And if the woman's responsibility is greater, what does that mean?Attention should be given to the fact that the woman and man have two dignities and two roles, one being partnership in marriage "spouse" and the other being fatherhood and motherhood, both of which need study and discussion. About
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96.Tafseer Al-Muraghi, vol. XXVIII, p. 162.
this subject also many incorrect views and wrong beliefs are there, that it is proper to refer to them first before elaborating on the subject in as dully as possible.
1. AbulAswad AdDu'ali once has gone with his wife UmmAwf near Ziyad laying before him the disagreement between them in respect of a son. Each one of them claimed the son to belong to him/her:
AbulAswad said: I am more entitled to have the son than her, I bore him before her and laid him before her. Then UmmAwf said: You have laid him "put the sperm into the ovary" out of lust and pleasure, while I have delivered him with difficulty and constraint "kurh", and you bore him when being light while I conceived him when being heavy.
Ziyad then said to UmmAwf: You are right, and more entitled to have the son. And he handed the child to her.
2. AlGhazaali in Ihyaa AlOloom and Mawlana in Fihi Ma Fih and others maintain less important role for the woman within the family "and marriage". In Ihyaa AlOloom, when expounding the five goals of marriage and particularly in explaining three instances of them, AlGhazaali delivered a speech in a way indicating as if the man being the origin and the woman being like a parasite and an uninvited person, since he said:
AlJunaydi said: I am in need of the woman in the same way as I need food and sustenance. Hence woman is a food and cause of heart purity. 97 And because of marriage the heart becomes free from housekeeping and engagement in cooking the food, and tranquil for reserving knowledge and manners, the tasks that can be undertaken by a pious woman. 98
In the same manner man, on his way to earn of halaal "lawful" business and family guardianship, undergoes so many
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97. In connection to these qualities and traits refer to Wasa'il Ash-Sha'ia, vol. XIV, pp. 13-24.
98. Al-Mahajjah Al-Bayzaa, vol. III, p. 65.
hardships and exerts efforts which are in themselves laborious struggle "jihad" and selfdiscipline.99
Mawlana Jalaal AdDeen Balkhi, in his book Fihi Ma Fih, was also involved in this sex dilemma, whence he says:
"Day and night you strive and exert endeavour, seeking edification of woman's morals, purifying uncleanness of your wife with yourself. You would rather purify yourself through her than purifying her through you, and you should edify yourself through her, listen to her and obey whatever she says, though this request may be impossible to achieve on your part. Abandon jealousy and zeal though it be one of unavailable qualities of men, but through this good quality bad and abominable habits may characterise your behaviour. For the sake of this meaning the Prophet"S" is quoted to have said: There is no monarchism "rahbaniyyah" in Islam, as the friars chose seclusion from people, living inside the mount, separation from women and abandoning the worldly life; confining God in a narrow passage and raising doubt about Him and the Prophet. They never bother themselves to court a woman as it is something tiresome, and they hate to hear the impossible demands of the women, or going here and there to meet their needs, considering themselves to be welleducated. 100
As it is observed that the woman on one part is regarded as a lust container for the man and on the other as a plantation for the man to cultivate and harvest. That is she is regarded both as a wife and unseen mother.
These were samples of incorrect views in this subject. But reviewing the religious texts especially the holy Quran reveals the falseness of these deductions and inferences, viewing equivalent role for both woman and man with giving superiority to the woman in some respects. This equivalence or superiority, is noticed in both the dimensions as a spouse and as a mother.
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99. ibid., p. 69.
100. ibid., p. 70.
Allah commands Adam and his wife Eve to live in the heavens:
· "And O Adam! dwell thou and thy wife in the Garden, so eat ye two from wherever ye two desire..." "7:19"
· "And We said: O Adam! Dwell thou and thy wife in the Garden, and eat ye freely "of the fruits" thereof where ye will..." "2:35"
He also reminds Adam and his wife that the Satan being their enemy: "Then said We: "O Adam! Verily this is an enemy unto thee and thy wife; therefore let him not drive ye both out of the Garden for "then" thou shouldst be put to toil." "20:117"
Also in time of dissension He addresses the wife and husband thus:
· " "And God" said: "Get down hence ye two, all together..." "20:123"
Yes the woman has, as a wife, an independent identity equal to the man, having a share and exploiting all privileges of marriage and family. Also the woman, like man, has choice right in marriage "choosing the husband" and it is not allowed to force or impose any thing upon her. It is reported that Khudham, the father of Khansa' has coerced her to marry someone. When the Messenger of Allah"S" became aware of this, he annulled the marriage contract declaring: "Whoever wants to get married in this way, has got married to the father of Lubalah too. 101
One day a girl came near the Prophet and said to him: My father has coerced me to get married to his brother's son. The Messenger of Allah"S" authorised the girl to accept or refuse, when the girl said: "I have permitted the doing of my father "accepted his wish", but I intended to let the women realise that fathers have no authority to do what they like or interfere in this
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101. Simaay Zan Dar Iran, p. 132, quoted from Fihi ma Fih, p. 86.
affair in particular. 102
Ibn Abbas is reported to have said: A daughter reluctantly approached the Prophet"S" and exclaimed: My father has coerced me to marry someone unwillingly. The Prophet then gave authority and choice to the daughter to agree or disagree. 103
Also inside the house no one can be a leader over her, as the woman is a partner in life not a captive. And the family is formed through a contract accepted by two parties with its effects and essentials including both the wife and the husband, with the same extent.
Likewise, the woman constitutes, as a mother, a pillar of the family like the father, and rather it can be said that the woman as a mother has a position superior to the father.
In surat alisra' Allah gives a comprehensive commandment in regard of the father and the mother:
"And commanded thy Lord that thou shalt worship not "any one" but Him, and goodness to parents; if either or both of them reach old age with thee, utter not unto them "even so much as" "fie" nor chide them, and speak unto them a generous word. And lower unto them the wing of humility out of compassion, and say thou: "O My Lord! Have mercy on them as they cherished me when I was little." 104
In this verse, after "God's" recommending the children to show kindness to parents and abstinence from irritating and annoying behaviour toward them, Allah calls the sons and daughters to pray to God to have mercy on father and mother who undertook their fostering and nourishment from childhood.
In other verses a recommendation to be grateful and thankful to the parents was given:
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102. Al-Isteea'ab, vol. IV, p. 295.
103. Sunan Ibn Majah, vol. I, p. 602.
104. ibid., p. 603.
"And We did enjoin upon man concerning his parents; beareth him his mother in weakness upon weakness and his weaning taketh two years "and" saying: "Be thou grateful unto Me and unto thy parents; "and remember thou that" unto Me is the ultimate return "of all"." "21:14"
So also the holy Quran leaves determination in respect of period of suckling of the child to consultation between the father and mother:
"... and if both "the father and the mother" decide on weaning by mutual consent and "with due" consultation there shall be no blame on them..." "2:233"
The position of the mother is also described so highly and considerably. It is reported that the Messenger of Allah"S" said: "Had Jarih ArRahib been a faqeeh and knowledgeable man he would have conceived that responding to the request of his mother being verily more preferable than worshipping his Lord." 105
In another hadeeth doing goodness and kindness to the mothers is counted among signs of wise sane men. 106
To sum up, it should be said that the woman inside the sphere of family traverses the second arena of development and enjoyment of profits of life, and it is not true that she becoming cause of maturity of another one. The woman is in fact, a partner in all prerogatives of living, both as a wife and as a mother. So every planning and sketching of rights of woman in the family should be laid down on the basis of this independent and equivalent character of woman. No one can regard the role of woman as a wife to be tantamount to role of husband, but the right to divorce and guardianship "custody" being totally entrusted to the men. And as it is improper to elevate the status of the mother up to the Divine Throne, it is not for us to deprive her of the right of custody and correlation with the child.
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105. Surat Al-Israa', verses 23-24.
106. Kanz Al-'Ummal, vol. XVI, p. 460.
On the other hand, the family in perspective of Islam has no chief, and all kinds of predominance "siyadah" of father or of mother or child being deviation from the natural and instinctive path of the family. Rather every and each member of the family has certain rights that should be fulfilled and certain duties that he/she should undertake and be held responsible for.
It is true that there should be a manager in the Muslim family, but he/she should not behave as a master and mawla since the other members are verily not slaves or subjects. Further the manager should, according to qualifications and authority, undertake the function of administration, never being a despotic ruler or a sensualist.
Women's Cooperation in Social Life
Chapter 4
In other words, it can be said that the social life covers 3 fields:
1. Employment and economical activities;
2. Social activities, like education and training, physical exercise and art;
3. Political participation.
These being the three main domains of participation of women in social life.
Now the following question is raised: Is this area, with all its dimensions, restricted to men, with no role left for women? Or no confinement being there and this field endures no sexuality? Or
is it that with accepting the participation and cooperation we should ignore any difference between women and men?
Some are of the opinion that women being created for the house and housekeeping only. Abul'Ala AlMawdudi, an Indian Muslim scholar, says:
"Politics, government administration, military and high services and alike are undertaken by men restrictively. When Islam charges the women with aiding the wounded during wars, this should never be taken to mean that Muslims charge them during peace time with running libraries, schools, workshops, associations and parliaments, since they were never created for performing such jobs. Besides, charging the woman with works for which she was not created by nature, would bring her failure and disappointment.
Stating names of great women having outstanding background in these fields as recorded in history books, never changes the truth, as the criterion for judging the women being to view them the same eye as a group and with regard to the constitution on which they were created. 107
Some of Shi'i writers are reported to have said also:
Therefore the women should be either connected or pregnant, or nursing so as to be counted among the humanity caravan that proceeding toward the Worshipped and Beloved and Centrepoint for the eagers and Ka'bah for lovers, and searchers for reaching His Sanctuary of safety and security, altogether with men. 108
If every woman tries, instead of engaging herself in various social tasks, arts and handicrafts, give birth to a child, grow it up and deliver it to the society with existentialist capabilities, she will elevate herself to the highest status proportionate to the number
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107. Bihaar Al-Anwaar, vol. IXIX, p. 305, Ha 27.
108. Al-Islam Fi Mowajahat At-Tahaddiyaat Al-Mu'asirah, p. 265.
of her children. 109
Such extremist views led some other thinkers to base their viewpoints on the Quran and say that: No trade or social profession is prohibited for women except whoredom! 110
Consulting and examining the holy Quran and biography of the Prophet"S" and infallible Imams will definitely show us a rational and bright path toward truth. Herewith I shall first demonstrate the pivots of social activities from the Quran and Prophet's Sunnah and conduct "Seerah", and then I will give finish to manifesting the motives of social joint cooperation of women with conditions of this presence.
Permission for Social Cooperation
Allegiance to Government
The holy Quran admits swearing allegiance to government, which being the most salient manifestation of the political activity in every society, to be practised by women."O "Our" Prophet "Mohammed" when come unto thee believing women pledging that they will not aught with God, and will neither steal, nor commit adultery, nor kill their children, and they will utter not slander, nor utter any falsehood which they had forged themselves between their hands and their feet, and will not disobey them in what is fair, then accept thou their pledge, and ask forgiveness for them from God; Verily God is OftForgiving, the Most Merciful." "60:12"
Further, the history of early Islamic era is indicative of accomplishment of this political process on the part of women; As it is reported that during the 2nd Aqabah Allegiance "bay'at alaqabah aththaniyah", in which a great multitude of Medina men, after performing rites of hajj
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109. Anwaar Al-Malakoot, vol. 1, p. 178.
110. ibid., p. 182.
pilgrimage, took an oath of allegiance to the Messenger of Allah"S", two women under the names of UmmImarah and Asma' were present too. 111
Also allegiance was sworn to the Prophet by other women at Mecca besides these two 112 "at Medina".
In his Tabaqaat, Ibn Sa'd has dedicated several pages for explaining how the women took an oath of allegiance to the Prophet, and showing contents of these oaths of allegiance. 113 And in another chapter of this book he stated names of seventy women who took part in these acknowledgements "bay'ahs". 114
In the event that Quranic verse was to be used in these oaths of allegiance "bay'ahs", the women have taken an oath on two pledges: One being religiosity and adoption of Islam, and the other being acknowledging the Prophet as head of government "leader".
Mohammed Ali Qutub has also dedicated a full book for elaboration on subject of women's taking an oath of allegiance to the Prophet"S". 115
Participation in Immigration
Immigration was one of sociopolitical movements that occurred twice during the early Islamic era, in both of which Muslim women participated. These immigrations had so many political dimensions, one of which being banishment and rejection of the regime ruling over the people. The second dimension being communication of the message of new religion, and thirdly it represented a political precautious____________
111. Al-Mar'ah Fi Ad-Deen Wal-Mujtama', p. 176.
112. Fath Al-Baari, vol. XI, p. 220.
113. At-Tabaqqqt Al-Kubra, vol.VIII, p. 10.
114. ibid., pp. 14-15.
115. ibid., pp. 222-273.
tactic for safeguarding and eternalising the newfashioned school "Islam", to this meaning that when the polytheists would annihilate the Muslims in Mecca, other followers of the new religion would appear in another place for protecting and defending them.
The holy Quran has in many verses, told about migration of Muslim women.
First: It makes migration obligatory on the women and men to the same level:
"Verily those whom the angels take away "at death" while they are unjust to their "own" selves "in sin", they "the angels" shall ask "the sinner souls": "In what state were ye?" They shall reply: "Weakened "and oppressed" were we in the land;" They "the angels" will say: "Was not the land of God vast "enough" for you to migrate there in?" So these "are those" whose refuge shall be Hell: and what a bad resort it is. Except the "really" weakened ones from among the men and the women and the children, who have not in their power the means "to escape from the unbelievers" and nor they find the "right" way." "4:97, 98"
What is gleaned of these verses is that all those disdaining from migration their abode will be in Hell, whether be men or women or children. So all the Muslims, men and women, should migrate so as to keep God's religion safe and intact.
Second: The Quran makes a special reference to migration of women together with the Prophet toward Medina.
"O "Our" Prophet! Verily we have made lawful unto thee thy wives whom thou hast given their dowries, and those whom thy right hand possesseth out of those whom God returneth unto thee "without war", and the daughters of thy paternal uncle, and the daughters of thy paternal aunts, and daughters of thy maternal uncle and the daughters of thy maternal aunts who fled with you..."
"33:50"
One of the women participated in this migration was Asma', wife of AzZubayr. She says: In this migration process I was conceived to a child and period of pregnancy was over at that time. On reaching Medina I gave birth to my son Abdallah at Quba. 116
Third: In another verse examining the immigrant women:
"O ye who believe! when come unto you believing womenrefugees, then ye examine them; God knoweth best their faith; and if ye find them to be believing women, return ye not them unto the disbelievers; neither these women are lawful for them, nor are those men lawful for them..." "60:10"
In Hudaybiyyah peace Treaty it was determined that in case of coming of Muslims to Medina they should be repatriated. However, Allah the Exalted revealed this verse in which He exempted the women from that Treaty. Ibn Abbas is reported to have said: The exam or interrogation of immigrant women was thus, that the women should confess and admit that: "I pledge and assure here that I have not migrated out of grudge against my husband, or out of desire and inclination toward the new land or for gaining worldly coveted objects or profits, but the only purpose and goal for which I migrated being love to God and the Prophet." 117
Among the women who migrated and were subjected to examination I can refer to Damimah daughter of Bishr, Subay'ah daughter of Harith, Borough daughter of Aqabah and Abdah daughter of Abd AlAziz.
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116. Bay'at An-Nabi Li-Nisaa', by Mohammed Ali Qutub.
117. Saheeh Al-Bukhari, vol. VIII, p. 29, " Kitab Al-Manaaqib, " "Baab Jijrat An-Nabi Wa As-haabih lla Al-Madeenah."
