The creation of spring and subterranean water
Part of the precipitation penetrates the Earth infiltration . The permeated water will either flow in the course of inter layer water currents of the Earth inter flow , or as deposits , form subterranean water basins.These water basins may form in the following ways:
1 - in the fine layer of sands which are formed from the decomposition of a mass of hard or unpermeative stones surface water basin,
2- in a permeative layer of Earth which is located on an unpermeative one free normal water basin,
3 - in the alluviums of an extensive plain alluvial plain water basin,
4- in a permeative layer which is located between two unpermeative layers and has run to the surface of the Earth as a result of erosion. Depending on the condition of water under the ground and also permeation of subterranean layers, underground waters may run on the surface of the Earth in a vriety of ways.
A- escaping little permeative lands :
1- springs,springs are in fact underground waters which flow on the surface of the Earth and in most cases they are formed from rain waters and / or waters resulted from the melting of snow,which penetrate into the ground and flow and stay for some time in the hollow spaces there mineral cold or warm waters are not considered among these waters . How water leaves the ground is a factor which distinguishes three types of springs :
1-1- flowing springs,in these kinds of springs,water immediately runs along the profile of slopes towards valleys,
1-2- basin springs , in these springs water fills a natural basin , before overflowing along profile of slopes,
1-3- lagoon springs,here water leaves the ground through a more or less thick layer and changes the surrounding land into a lagoon.
2- acqueducts , these are canals which are dug under the ground from plains towards mountains so that they cross water bearing basins and drain their water . To dredg acqueducts,some wells are usually dug every 30 to 40 meters in their course.The distance from the source of the acqueduct to the last well,known as the mother well,varies between a few meters to a few kilometers. Historical evidences indicate that Iranians were the first to make aqueduct.
B - escaping high permeative lands : in this case water leaves the ground in the form of springs more in hard lands full of fractures or passages.
C - escaping fractures : in this case water leaves fractures.These fractures might either be in a simple crack form which are known as crack,or in the form of a crack accompanied by a displacement of layers known as fault.
D - Escaping through digging wells : in this method water is drained by boring a hole in the ground which gets to the water basin . The drain of water from wells is usually carried on by using auxiliary equipments such as pumps.However,there is also another kind of well,known as Artesian it is a well board down to the point,usually at great depth,at which the water pressure is so great the water is forced out of the surface.
Rivers
Whenever the amounts of percipitation is in excess of the Sum of evaporation,penetration and crater collections capacity,the excess waters after formation of a layer or thin layers over the ground surface,will cause a surface flow which could have the potential of starting a river.The water currents often flow either permanently or temporarily.Temporary flows are due to torrential showers and flooding. These currents,unlike the normal river ones, don't have any established path,instead they extend over the surface and create a flat current.
Rivers are classified into three categories based on their water resources : rivers that are supplied by,
1 - thawing of snow,
2 - rainwaters , and
3 - both.
In general every permanent and temporary current has its distinctive shape.At the source of the flow many small streams of water join each other at the foot of the elevations . The surface formed by these flowing streams resemble a cone with the base facing the peak and the vertex pointing towards the slope of the mountains.The sum of these primary cones which form even a bigger cone in the mountains is called the " basin reception point ".Small currents join into larger ones which follow in defined tracks in a valley.This valley is called water way.As these waterways encounter flat surfaces , they spread into cones with the vertex pointing towards the waterway and the base facing depression and seas.
The more or less deep,long and branching crevices that have been hollowed out in soft soil which is not compact by these rivers are called " gullies " or " ravines ".The intersection of river with sea is called the mouth.Many rivers bring with themselves sediments to the mouth and slowly form an area the shape of " Delta " whose vertex is towards the river and is called " Delta ". A river that reaches a sea is called " exodoreism " and one which flows into lagoons or lakes is known as " endodoreism ". Rivers often assume spiral shape over flat and alluvium lands which is the result of differential pressure within the two riverbanks.Sometimes these spirals recede and slowly form complete loops which are called Meander. Some other times during over flows the river may follow a straight path cutting off the loop and maintain the path up to the end of the overflow.In this situation a false river will eventually form a lagoon and then disappear.Normally,river water often flows in a small and narrow bed which is called " the minor bed ". During overflows the water level will increase to above the minor bed,cover its upper lands,and continue to flow in a wider bed called " the major bed " . Often in mountaineous regions an otherwise calm river will change in to a fast moving and roaring one called " rapides ". Waterfalls are also another phenomenon sometimes found in the path of the rivers.The reason for this phenomenon is the extension of hard bedrocks in a more or less tall stair fashion in the bed.The most important waterfalls in the world are " Niagara falls " in North America and " Victoria falls " in South Africa. Rivers often flow in an orderly fashion and in a downward slope from the highlands these to seashores and are called " consequent ". Sometimes the rivers change direction near the shore and run parallel to it . This phenomenon is called " subsequent " flow. Flow of each river goes through three stages in its life time : youth,maturity and aged. During the youth period rivers exhibit severe destruction activities and often due to great elevation differentials , higher velocities, waterfalls and craters will form.In maturity, the rivers reach an equilibrium with slower flow and minimum destruction.In old age large elevations disappear and the riverbed and surrounding area become almost flat.These periods are mostly theoretic and there are several other factors which maintain the flow in youth and maturity stages.
Seas at the end of the time
Reading the verses of Qur'an especially the 68th verse of Zumar the Companies - the 39th Surah - , we find out that at the end of the time and at the begining of the resurrection,two sudden phenomena shall be taken place.All the living creatures shall die during the first one,and by the second one that shall be happened after a period of time,all the human being shall be revived and rouse awaiting.Qur'an interpretes these two phenomena as The Blast of the Trumpet that it's a metaphorical interpretation of sudden and contemporary phenomena,because the blast of the Trumpet means to blow in a trumpet . This interpretation also shows its facility and also shows that the great God shall cause to die and revive easily by blowing in a trumpet.In the other verses these phenomena are interpreted as The Trumpet is Sounded-the 8th verse of Muddassir-and in the other cases interpreted Calamity and finally in the 49th and 53rd of Ya-Seen-the 36th Surah-it's interpreted as A Single Cry meant a loud shout.All these cases indicate loud shouts that the first one shall put an end to the life and the second shall be vivifier. But how are these two shouts ? What is the effect of them ? - Nobody knows except God. But as Qur'an mentions,at the beging of the resurrection all the planets and globes shall go out of their orbits and in the earth all the creatures also shall go out of order and all shall change.Among them , a great change shall be taken place on the seas. Qur'an mentions that the seas are made to flow forth and the seas are set on fire.It seems that in the threshold of resurrection all over the land shall become full of water , because all the mountains shall decompose and fall in the seas.
The other possibility is that the intention of these two is the same explosion by which the oceans shall be changed to fire.Because water consists of two elements : Oxygen and Hydrogen which both are combustible.
In consequence of factors if the seas shall analyse and change into Oxygen and Hydrogen so in consequence of a spark all shall change to fire.
